Mero Nepal

2011-06-27T01:45:00.000-07:00

The Categorical Imperative
Categorical imperative was formulated by the western philosopher Immanuel Kant. His philosophy was deontological i.e. based on duty.
What is our duty then?
Our duty is to act in such manner that we would want everyone else to act in a similar manner in similar circumstances.
Immanuel Kant:
He was born in 1724 in the East Prussian town of Konigsberg, the son of a Master Saddler. He lived there particularly all his life until he died at the age of eighty. He influenced eighteenth century philosophy more than any other western thinker. His writings established a permanent contribution to epistemology (the branch of philosophy that study the nature of knowledge; its foundations, and its extent and validity) and ethics. Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (1785) and Critique of Practical Reason (1788) are his important books in ethics.
Categorical Imperative:
Kant formulates the moral law as categorical imperative. By this he means that the moral law is "categorical or that it applies to all the situations. It is, moreover, "imperative" which means it is commanding and therefore absolutely authoritative. "Categorical" here means unconditional, without any exceptions. Right is right and must be done even under the most extreme conditions. What is morally right we ought to do even if the sky should fall, that is despite whatever consequences may follow.
Categorical imperative is a theory of moral obligation. It is intringically valid. It is a theory of duty. It says "your duty should be good intentioned."First reason is used to make a law and if once the law is set, you must follow it on any circumstances" -this is categorical imperative. Here, the rule set must not only be universal to others only but it should be universal to oneself. Categorical imperative is contrast with hypothetical imperative.

Hypothetical Imperative:
It says "ends are based on physical needs." You have to do actions that are determined by ends. Here ends are physical needs. You do something only to get something.
Four principles of the principle (categorical imperative):
Kant formulates this 'categorical imperative' in the following four ways:
1. The formula of the Universal law of nature: Your act should become universal law of nature. Act as you would wish all other rational people to follow; as if it were a universal law.
2. The formula of the End itself (Humanity formula): Treat humanity as an end. Your action should be guided by humanity. We must not exploit other people to our advantage. We should not do so because every man is an end in him/herself. But this does not only apply to others, it also applies to yourself. You also must not exploit yourself as a mere means to achieving something either.
3. The formula of Autonomy: Act so that through your maxims you could be a legislator of universal law. You should be able to give law to the world. Your act should be able to become law.
4. The formula of Kingdom of Ends: You act according to what the members who make universal law do. Do as the trendsetters have done. There is kingdom of final results, you follow that.
Either you become a pathfinder and establish a rule; if you can't, you follow those rules set by others because to establish/set those rules reason has been used.
Kant's basis for ethics:
Kant said that ethics should be based on human reason, not in faith on God. So, he cancelled God. He said that we use reason to establish a rule and if once rules are formulated, you shouldn't use reason again. You should just follow those rules. Kant has also defined two types of duties and they are:
i. Perfect duty: Duty obliged to do all the time.
ii. Imperfect duty: Duty that should be done as often as possible.

MASS MEDIA SYSTEM IN SOUTH AFRICA

2009-12-16T20:12:00.000-08:00

Official country name: Republic of South Africa
Region (Map name): Africa
Population: 43,586,097
Languages: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu
Literacy rate: 81.8%
Area: 1,219.912 sq km
GDP: 125,887 (US$)
Number of daily
Newspapers: 16
Number of
Television sets: 5,200,000

Number of
Satellite subscribers: 390,000
Number of Radio Stations: 362
Number of individuals
with computers: 2,700,000
Number of individuals
with Internet Access: 2,400,000

Political Structure of South Africa

The republic of South Africa is a federal state compraising of a national government and
nine provincial governments. The constitution of South Africa was adopted in 1996 and
implemented officially on 4Feb, 1997. Under the political system of South Africa, the
President is the executive head of the state elected by the parliament for two five year
terms. The political system of South Africa has significantly evolved since the apartheid
era .
Leading Political Parties of South Africa
. The African National Congress (ANC)
. The Inkatha Freedom Party
. Democratic Alliance (DA)
. South Africal Communist Party (SACP)

State Press Relations

Under apartheid, the government controlled the media. The government decided what was news. For example, if a journalist witnessed a shootout between security forces and guerrilla fighters, that story could not be reported until it was verified or confirmed by official sources. During apartheid, foreign and domestic journalists operating in South Africa had to walk through a minefield of legislation designed to prevent the independent publication of information that might embarrass the government. It was the job of journalists and editors to check the laws before deciding what information could be published. Many journalists were reduced to self-policing and self-censorship to avoid breaking the law. Fines, imprisonment, even banning awaited those publications that dared break or challenge these laws. Under the new constitution, South African media and journalists are enjoying unparalleled freedoms. Except for libel laws, they are free to publish any type of news, without having to worry about what laws they may be violating.
In most other African countries, the government has instituted a domestic news agency to serve as the procurer or disseminator of news from other parts of Africa and/or the world. The South African Press Association (SAPA), the country's domestic news agency, transmits about 100,000 words of domestic and foreign news daily to its members. Additionally, the Associated Press (American), Reuters (British), Agence-France Presse (French), and Deutsche Presse-Agentur (German) operate from South Africa. SAPA also cooperates with the Pan African News Agency (PANA), an organization that receives news from all over the continent to distribute within the country. SAPA also sends South African stories to PANA for distribution to other African countries.

Attitide Toward Foreign Media

South Africa always has welcomed the foreign media, except when articles critical of apartheid (during the days of apartheid rule) were published. At the height of the apartheid era, many African, American, and European journalists and editors were placed on a prohibited list. Those who had written or published articles critical of apartheid and what it stood for often found themselves unable to obtain visas to visit South Africa.
The Mbeki government has allowed the Voice of America, the British Broadcasting Corporation, and other international broadcast media, as well as journalists from the world's print media, to come to South Africa and to operate freely, even when they sometimes highlight embarrassing stories—such as the one about the government's failure or reluctance to confront the HIV/AIDS pandemic that has ravaged that country. Laws from the apartheid era, which controlled, censored, and intimidated journalists, have disappeared. Foreign journalists and media are freely welcomed in South Africa today and given access to government officials. They are also able, without licensing or accreditation, to roam freely around the country, interviewing whomever they want.

Broadcast Media

Radio and television remain the main means of getting news and information in South Africa. Radio started in South Africa in 1923. Since then, it has spread throughout the country. The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) was established in 1936 to handle the country's broadcast needs. Over the years, radio was used as a propaganda instrument to force South Africans to accept apartheid and everything it stood for. For a long time, until the 1990s, blacks and others who opposed apartheid were regularly denied access to the country's public airwaves. After the 1960s, the ANC, the PAC, the Communist Party, and other groups that opposed apart-heid could not be mentioned, except derogatorily, on South African radio. They were banned from ever being mentioned, as SABC became more and more part of the government's propaganda machinery.
Even though anybody who owned a radio or television outlet in South Africa was required to obtain an annual listening license, the apartheid rulers saw nothing wrong with using the airwaves to support their National Party and to air nothing but apartheid propaganda. South African Radio today tries to cater to the various interests of its diverse population. It broadcasts in English, Afrikaans, and many of the major African languages.
Radio stations reach virtually every corner of the country. About 12 percent of airtime is set aside for news. In addition to the broadcasts in English, Afrikaans and selected African languages, there is a youth-oriented commercial station and Radio RSA (Republic of South Africa), also called the Voice of South Africa. Radio RSA externally broadcasts 177 hours a week in English, French, Swahili, Tsonga, Lozi, Chichewa, and Portuguese to audiences in other parts of Africa. South Africa is one of the few African countries to allow privately-owned commercial radio broadcasts. Radio 702 and Capital Radio 604 operate outside of the confines of the SABC and, in fact, compete with it. There are also plans to offer more privately owned outlets.
Television came late to South Africa because of the government's fears over what were seen as its corrupting influences. The first TV broadcast was in 1976, long after it had reached many developing African countries. Like radio, television is under the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), which collects license fees from viewers and listeners. There are three major channels: TV1, which broadcasts daily in English and Afrikaans; Contemporary Community Values Television (CCV), which has programs in African, Asian, and European languages; and National Network Television (NNTV), which specializes in sports and public service programming. SABC television fare comes from local programming, as well as programs coming from the United States and Britain. Many of its programs, especially the talk show variety, are borrowed from similar series in the United States.
Electronic News Media
South Africa is among the best African countries in providing its citizens with Internet access. As of 2000, there were 44 Internet service providers.

Education and Training

South African colleges and universities, newspapers, and American and British foundations have been the main sources for the training of future journalists. Many of the leading universities do offer journalism programs and degrees. Workshops and seminars have also been held in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and other African countries to offer training in environmental, economic, and investigative reporting.

नेपाली पत्रकारलाई विश्वविद्यालयीय अध्ययन आवश्यक

2009-11-19T22:48:00.000-08:00

नेपालमा पत्रकारिताको इतिहासलाई केलाउने हो भने विगतमा जतिपनि पत्रकारहरुले सूचना आदानप्रदानमा कुनै पनि खालको भूमिका निर्वाह गरे तीमध्ये धेरैजसो कम व्यवसायिक र दोस्रो पेसाको रुपमा पत्रकारिता गर्दै आएका पाइन्छन् । कोही इच्छाको विषय भएर यतातिर होमिए भने कोही अन्य क्षेत्रबाट गुजारा चलाउन नसक्ने भएकाले यस पेसालाई सहज ठान्न थाले । सूचनाको व्यापार गर्न कुनै शैक्षिक योग्यता नचाहिने र मौका मिले केही दिन वा महिनाको तालिम लिएर यस क्षेत्रमा हामफाल्न सकिने भएकाले धेरैजसो पत्रकारहरुले यो पेसा अंगालेको पाइन्छ । अहिले पनि नेपालमा स्थापित पत्रकारहरुमध्ये धेरैजसो अनुभवबाटै खारिएका हुन् । उनीहरुको शैक्षिक योग्यता कि त विश्वविद्यालयीय अध्ययन पूरा नगरेको पाइन्छ भने कसैले कुनै तहसम्मको अध्ययन गरेको भएपनि पत्रकारिता विषयलाई नछोई अन्य विषयबाटै यतातिर प्रवेश गरेको पाइन्छ । यिनै स्थापित पत्रकारहरुको भनाईमा पत्रकारिता क्षेत्र पढाइ र गराइमा फरक हुन्छ । अर्थात सिद्धान्त र व्यवहारिक पक्ष एक अर्काबाट भिन्न छन् । तर पढेका कुरालाई व्यवहारमा लागू गर्न खोज्नेहरु भने ज्यादै न्यून छन् ।

के यही हो त पत्रकारिता क्षेत्रको वास्तविकता पत्रकारिता गर्नलाई पत्रकारिता विषयमै विश्वविद्यालयीय अध्ययन पूरा गर्नु आवश्यक हुँदैन यो आज बहसको विषय बनेको छ ।

यस विषयलाई पाठकको कोणबाट हेरौं । पहिलेका पाठकहरु कम साक्षर थिए । उनीहरु साचारमाध्यमले प्रकाशन÷प्रसारण गर्ने विषयवस्तु सामग्रीप्रति कम सचेत थिए । उनीहरुमा सही र गलत छुट्याउने क्षमता कम थियो । पछिल्लो समयसम्म पनि साचार माध्यमले दिएका सबै सूचना सास्वत हुन्छन् भन्ने सोच नेपालीहरुमा छँदैछ । तर पत्रकारहरु सत्य कुराको कति निकटसम्म पुग्ने क्षमता राख्छन् भन्नेप्रति कमैले सोचेका होलान् । वर्तमान समयसम्म आउँदा पाठकको साक्षरता बढ्दैछ र यो क्रम पछिसम्म बढिरहन्छ । अब पत्रकारिता क्षेत्र प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक बन्दैछ । पत्रकारको क्षमता दक्षता र योग्यताले अबको पत्रकारिता क्षेत्रलाई मार्गनिर्देश गर्ने भएकाले उनीहरुले विश्वविद्यालयीय अध्ययन पूरा गर्नु आवश्यक हुन्छ ।

पत्रकारिता क्षेत्र बलियो बन्नका लागि पत्रकारहरु उक्त विषयमा शिक्षित हुनु आवश्यक छ । सम्बन्धित विषयमा ज्ञान भएमात्र कुनै पनि पत्रकारको पत्रकारिता प्रभावकारी र शक्तिशाली बन्न सक्छ । जस्तै उदाहरण का लागि एउटा बसमा आगजनी हुँदाको विभत्स तस्बिर प्रकाशित गर्नु अशिक्षित पत्रकारले आफ्नो लागि सौभाग्य ठान्न सक्छ । तर एउटा शिक्षित पत्रकारले भने त्यसो गर्नाले समाजलाई कस्तो असर पर्छ पीडित परिवार र अन्य पाठकहरुमाझ यसले कस्तो भय र त्रास फैल्याउँछ र त्यसका कारण हुन सक्ने अरु क्षतिका बारे पनि सोचेको हुन्छ । तसर्थ उक्त तस्विरलाई सही कोणबाट खिचेर सन्तुलित रुपमा प्रकाशित गर्दछ ।

अर्को कुरा जसरी नपढेर वा कम पढेरै पनि बर्षाैंसम्मको अनुभवले दक्ष वा सफल ठानिएका पत्रकारहरु छन् यदि उनीहरुले समयमा उक्त विषयमा आवश्यक अध्ययन पूरा गरेका थिए भने उनीहरुको स्थान त्योभन्दा धेरै माथि हुने थियो । त्यसैगरी पढेका पत्रकार र अन्यमा सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्वको भवानामा पनि फरक पर्दछ । आचारसंहिताभित्र रहेर काम गर्न देशको संवैधानिक व्यवस्थाबारे पनि ज्ञान हासिल गर्नु आवश्यक हुन्छ । शिक्षित पत्रकारहरु अरुको प्रलोभनमा पर्ने सम्भावना कम हुन्छ । उनीहरुले समाजको समग्र विकास हुने गरी सूचना सम्प्रेषण गर्न जानेका हुन्छन् । कुनै पनि विषयप्रतिको प्राविधिक भाषा ज्ञान र शैली जानेका पत्रकारहरुको पत्रकारिता अरुको भन्दा स्तरीय हुन्छ । एउटै समाचारलाई विभिन्न कोणबाट प्रस्तुत गर्ने क्षमता हुन्छ । तसर्थ नेपालको सन्दर्भमा पत्रकारिता पेसाका लागि सोही विषयमा विश्वविद्यालयीय अध्ययन गर्नु अत्यावश्यक हुन्छ ।

Development of communication to Globalization

2009-09-04T02:01:00.001-07:00

The communitcation has its root in Latin language. The two words communis and communicare are in corresponding to communication. Communis (noun) means common, communality or sharing. Another word communicare means to make common or to share. From its etymological meaning, communication simply means sharing of something. As we know only the information or knowledge can be shared. Thus we can simply say communication is the process of sharing of information or knowledge or meaning.
We also have understood that the word communication may have different meanings for different people in different contexts. Sometime it may refer to a process. It is so because people are engaged in expressing and knowing information through the use of words, signs and any symbols. And sometimes it refers to human act and also it may sometimes refer a discipline of knowledge.
It is human being who takes part in communication by using languages and different symbols. It doesn’t mean that animals don’t take part in communication but human beings being social animals and living in a society mostly take part in communication process. There are different levels of communication in which humans are engaged in. according to different levels of social organizations at which communication takes places the following five levels of communication have been identified
1.Intra-personal communication
2.Interpersonal communication
3.Group communication
4.Organizational communication
5.Mass communication.
Communication as simply said is the exchange of ideas, feelings, information and knowledge, through the use of or without the use of any medium or technology. In intra-personal communication we donot need any medium to transfer message because it is the internal or intraphysic dialogue that often takes place in our head, what commonly is referred to as ‘talking to oneself’ . But in inter personal, group, organizational and mass communication we need technology. As for example, in interpersonal communication if two people are far and they want to communicate, they need a telephone, mobile, etc to communicate. In this way technologies and medium can be required for other levels of communication too.
At past communication between people was limited and the way of communication was complicated due to the lack of technology. People had to use trained horses, gandharvas, sanyasis, katuwals, pigeons, drums, smoke, etc to convey message. The process of communication was very complicated and there was no any sure that receiver would get message. After sometimes as the postal service’s started communication became a little bit reliable, easy but it took lots of time as well. But after the development of new and sophisticated and technologies like mobiles, telephones, internet, radio, T.V, etc the process of communication became rather easier, cheaper and faster. People became able to communicate in less time and in cheaper way. As for example, a person in Nepal communicates directly with another person living Newzealand in a minute. So due to the development of these modern technologies the world has became smaller. One person living in Nepal can get information about any part of the world by using these modern technologies even by sitting in his own room. He can read different books, newspaper in a small attempt. So we can say that these modern technologies have made the globe smaller. People can know every event around the globe in a fraction of second and communicate any people around the globe in a short time and in simple manner.
On the other hand T.V, radio, newspaper also has contributed to make the globe smaller. Thus nowadays communication is not only done in local basis but it is done in global basis which can be simply called global communication..

A book exhibition

2009-05-31T02:45:00.000-07:00

HARI MANJUSHREE- A book exhibition

On the auspicious occasion of New Year 2066, a book exhibition was launched in ambition to honor Hari Manjushree,which was organized by The Red Cross Society of Dhulikhel,Kavre. In this occasion the chief guest was the Vice Chancellor of Kathmandu University Dr. Suresh Raj Sharma by whom the occanion was inaugurated.

Hari Manjushree has made a everlasting contributions in the field of Nepali language and Nepali literature. He had also made many contributions for the development of Nepali literature by creating different interesting poems, novels and also introducing a simple ans attractive Nepali Grammatical rules. Hari Manjushree has always tried to explicate a tangible picture of the society. He has also been a journalist and has worked in many media organizations. A Kavre resident,Hari Manjushree has made Kavre proud by publishing many qualitative books. In the program,many other literary figures like Mohan Duwal, T.P Sharma, Narendra Raj Jung etc openly and heartily praised Hari Manjushree for his great contribution in Nepali literature. The Chief Guest of the ceremony Dr Suresh Raj Sharma gave certificate to Hari Manjushree and also praised Hari Manjushree for his memorable works in literary field of Nepal.

RADIO NEPAL

2009-05-30T03:47:00.000-07:00

RADIO NEPAL

Radio Nepal situated on the premises of Singh Darbur,Kathmandu was established
on 1st April 1951. At first the transmission used to cover the duration of 4 hours and 30 minutes using a 250 Watt Short Wave transmitter. As afterwards Radio Nepal has improved its capacity and diversified itself in terms of program format, technical efficiency and coverage. It airs the programmes in the form of Short Wave, Medium Wave and FM frequencies. The duration of its regular broadcasts is 18 hours everyday. Radio Nepal has also introduced the first FM-Channel covering Kathmandu valley and adjoining areas was started in 1995 from its premises at Singh Durbar, Kathmandu.

Programmes Broadcasted Through Radio Nepal
1.Different regional programs for audience are broadcasted through regional stations from 9:45am-11:00am and 6:00pm-8:30pm everyday.
2.Excluding the regional programmes transmission period National programmes is broadcasted for a duration of about 16 hours everyday.
3.The educational programmes on religion, literature, science and technology, agriculture, distance learning, women , health and sanitation, public health etc are also broadcasted.
4.Various entertaining programmes like Nepali songs, Hindi songs and Gazals, Radio dramas, songs in the different National language etc are also broadcasted.
5.Informational programmes like News, Radio reports, Press reviews, Development programmes etc are provided through Radio Nepal.

छापाखाना तथा प्रकाशनसम्बन्धी ऐन २०४८

2009-05-07T02:55:00.000-07:00

छापाखाना तथा प्रकाशनसम्बन्धी ऐन २०४८

नेपालको संविधानमा प्रेस स्वतन्त्रता

२०६२÷६३ सालमा भएको जनआन्दोलनको सफलता पश्चात २०६३ साल फागुन १ गते प्रतिनिधिसभाद्वारा सर्वसम्मतिबाट पारित गरी नेपालको अन्तरिम संविधान २०६३ जारी भयो । उक्त संविधानको भाग ३ ले अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रतासहितका मौलिक हकको प्रत्याभूति गरेको छ । धारा १२ ३ क। ले प्रत्येक नागरिकलाई विचार तथा अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताको अधिकार प्रदान गरेको छ । त्यसैगरी धारा १५ मा मौलिक हक अन्तर्गत प्रकाशन प्रसारण तथा छापा लगायतका अन्य जनुसुकै माध्यमबाट कुनै समाचार सम्पादकीय लेख रचना वा अन्य कुनै पाठ्य श्रव्यदृश्य सामग्रीको प्रकाशन प्रसारण गर्न छाप्नुपूर्व प्रतिबन्ध लगाइने छैन । सो संविधानको धारा २७ मा सूचनाको हकसम्बन्धी व्यवस्था गरिएको छ । यो संविधानले पनि छापाखाना तथा प्रकाशन सम्बन्धी ऐन २०४८ लाई अङ्किार गरेको छ ।

छापाखाना तथा प्रकाशन सम्बन्धी ऐन २०२८
नेपाल अधिराज्यको संविधान २०४७ को धारा १२९ बमोजिम मन्त्रिपरिषद्को सल्लाह र सम्मतिबाट बनाइएको ुछापाखाना र प्रकाशन सम्बन्धी ऐन २०४८ु लाई नै अन्तरिम संविधानले पनि लागू गरेको छ । यसमा ७ वटा परिच्छेद र ४१ वटा दफा रहेका छन् । वि।सं। २०५६ सालमा यो ऐन पहिलो पटक संशोधित भएको थियो ।
उद्देश्यहरु ः
ड्डविभिन्न वर्ग र क्षेत्रका जनताबीच सुसम्बन्ध सदाचार शिष्टाचार एवं नैतिकता राख्ने ।
ड्डदेशको पत्रकारिता क्षेत्रले अभिव्यक्तिको स्वतन्त्रतालाई मर्यादित एवं जिम्मेवारीपूर्ण तवरले स्वतन्त्र र निर्भिक भई उपभोग गर्न सक्ने वातावरण सृजना गर्न ।
ड्डछापाखाना र प्रकाशनका सम्बन्धमा समयानुकुल कानुनी व्यवस्था गर्न ।

परिच्छेद १मा उक्त ऐनको दफा १मा संक्षिप्त नाम र प्रारम्भ र दफा २ मा छापाखाना प्रकाशन किताब समाचार जस्ता शब्दहरुको परिभाषा दिइएको छ ।
परिच्छेद २ मा छापाखाना सम्बन्धी व्यवस्था छ । यस अन्तर्गत दफा ३ मा छापाखाना दर्ता गर्नुपर्ने प्रावधान छ भने दफा ४ अन्तर्गत छापाखाना बन्द वा जफत नगरिने भन्ने शीर्षकमा दफा ३ बमोजिम दर्ता भएको छापाखानाले समाचार लेख वा अन्य पाठ्यसामग्री मुद्रण गरेवापत त्यस्तो छापाखाना बन्द वा जपत गरिने छैन भन्ने उल्लेख छ ।
त्यसैगरी परिच्छेद ३ मा किताबसम्बन्धी व्यवस्था छ । दफा ५ मा ुकिताब दर्ता गर्नेु दफा ६ मा ुकिताबमा उल्लेख गर्नुपर्ने कुराहरु छन् ।
त्यसैगरी परिच्छेद ४ को दफा ७ मा पत्रपत्रिका दर्ता गर्नुपर्ने प्रावधान उल्लेख छ । यसमा ११ उपदफा छन् । दफा ८ मा पत्रपत्रिकाको स्वामित्व हस्तान्तरसण दफा ९ मा पत्रपत्रिकामा उल्लेख गर्नुपर्ने कुरा दफा ९ को क मा पत्रपत्रिकाको न्यूनतम आकार र पृष्ठ संख्या बारे उल्लेख छ । दफा १० मा पत्रपत्रिका प्रकाशन सम्बन्धी प्रावधान छ । दफा ११ मा प्रकाशन बन्द गरेको सूचना दिनुपर्ने दफा १२ मा पूर्व प्रतिबन्ध नलगाइने दफा १३ मा पत्रपत्रिका दर्ता खारेज नगरिने दफा १४ मा प्रकाशनमा प्रतिबन्ध दफा १५ मा प्रकाशनमा निषेध दफा १६ मा विदेशी प्रकाशनको पैठारीमा नियन्त्रण दफा १७ मा प्रतिबन्धित प्रकाशन वा निषेधित प्रकाशन निकासी बिक्री वितरण आदि गर्न नहुने उल्लेख छ ।

दफा १८ पहिलो संशोधन २०५६ द्वारा खारेज भएको छ ।

परिच्छेद ५ मा प्रेस रजिष्ट्रार प्रेस प्रतिनिधि तथा स्वतन्त्र पत्रकारसम्बन्धी व्यवस्था छ । दफा १९ मा प्रेस रजिस्ट्रार २० मा प्रेस प्रतिनिधिसम्बन्धी व्यवस्था छ ।
परिच्छेद ६ मा दण्ड सजायको व्यवस्था छ । दफा २१ मा प्रमाणपत्र नलिई छापाखाना साचालन गरेमा २२ मा झुटा विवरण दिएमा २३ किताब नबुझाएमा २४ मा उल्लेख गर्नुपर्ने कुरा उल्लेख नगरेमा दफा २६ मा अनधिकृत तवरले प्रकाशन प्रकाशित गर्ने दफा २७ प्रतिबन्धित प्रकाशन वा निषेधित प्रकाशन प्रकाशित गरेमा विभिन्न दण्ड सजाय गरिने उल्लेख छ ।

शेरबहादुर दॆउबाको कार्यकालमा नेपाली मिडियाको अबस्था

2009-05-06T22:25:00.000-07:00

शेरबहादुर दॆउबाको कार्यकालमा नेपाली मिडियाको अबस्था

शेरबहादुर दॆउबाको कार्यकाल
२०५२ साल भदौदखि डेढ बर्ष सम्म ।
२०५८ साल श्रावण ७ देखि २०५९ असोज १८ सम्म ।
उनलाइ २०५९ असोज १८ मा पूर्व राजा ज्ञनेन्द्रले निर्वााचन गराउन असक्षम भएको
आरोपमा अपदस्थ गरेका थिए ।
प्रेस तथा अभिव्यक्ति स्वतन्त्रताका लागि २०५९ साल घोर निराशाजनक रह्यो। नेपालको इतिहासमा नै यो वर्ष मुलुकका सबैभन्दा बढी पत्रकार मारिए भने सात दर्जनको संखयामा हिरासत र जेलका चिसा िछंडिमा कोचिन पुगे। सात वर्षअघि नेकपा माओवादीले जनयुद्धका नाममा शुरु गरेको शसस्त्र संघर्षका कारण उत्पन्न हत्या िहंसाले चरम् रप लियो।
माओवादी विद्रोहलाई दबाउने नाममा २०५८मंसिरदेखि २०५९ भदौसम्म तत्कालिन प्रधानमन्त्री शेरबहादुर देउबाले देशब्यापी रुपमा लगाएको संकटकालबाट प्रत्यक्ष वा पारोक्ष रुपमा पत्रकार र पत्रिकारहरु वा समग्रमा भन्नुपर्दा नेपाली मिडिया प्रभावित भयो। २०५८ साल मंसिर ११गते नेपालमा तत्कालिन प्रधानमन्त्री शेरबहादुर देउबाद्धारा पहिलो पल्ट संकटकाल घोषणा गरिएको थियो। त्यसपछि निरनतर रहेको संकटकाल २०६१साल जेठ १५ गतेसम्म तीन महनाका लगि थप गरिएको थियो।
वर्ष २०५९मा मुलुक भरिका ९ पत्रकार मारिए। नेपालको इतिहासमै सवैभन्दा बढी पत्रकार मारिएको वर्षका रुपमा त्यो साल स्थापित भएको थियो। सरकार र माओवादी पक्षले अभिव्यक्तिकर्मीहरु मथि गिद्देदृष्टि राखेका कारण पत्रकारलगायत स्वतन्त्र अभिव्यक्तिकर्मी दुवै पक्षबाट असुरक्षित बन्न पुगे।
हत्या मात्र होइन पत्रकारहरुले यातना पाएको र थुनिएको वर्षका रुपमा पनि २०५९ कालो वर्षका रुपमा रह्यो। मुलुकमा संकटकाल लागू भएयता करिब १सय ८० पत्रकारलाई गिरफ्तार गरिएको र यातना दिइएकोमा ८० जनाभन्दा बढीले त्यस वर्ष पिडित बन्नुपर् यो। धम्कीका लेखाजोखा नै हुन सकेन। धमकीकै कारण कति पत्रकारले गिरफ्तारी यातना र उनीहरुमाथि भएका दुव्र्यवहारका समाचार सार्वजनिक हुन सकेन।

नेपाल अधिराजयभरी बहाल रहेको संकटकालीन घोषणा अन्र्तगत नेपाल अधिराजको संविधानले प्रत्याभूत गरेको धारा ११ देखि २३ सम्मका मौलिकहकमधये मिडिसंग सम्बन्धित निम्न हकहरु निलम्बन गरिएको थियो।
१। कुनै सामाग्री प्रकाशनपूर्व सेन्सरसिपविरुद्धको हकको स्वतन्त्रताः
यस अन्तर्गत संबिधानको धारा १३१ले कुनै समाचार लेख वा अन्य कुनै पाठ्य सामाग्री प्रकाशन गर्न प्रतिबन्ध लगाइने छैन भन्ने व्यवस्था गरेको छ।

२।सूचनाको हकः
यस अन्तर्गत संबिधानको धारा १६ले प्रत्यक नागरिकलाई सार्वजनिक महत्वको कुनैपनि बिषयमा सूचना माग्ने र पाउने हक प्रदान गरेको छ।

नै पत्रकारको हत्याः
वर्ष २०५९ इतिहासमै सबैभन्दा बढी पत्रकार मारिएको यातना पाएको थुनिएको वर्ष रह्यो। पूर्णकालिक र आंशिक गरी सरकारी र विद्रोही पक्षले नौ पत्रकारको निर्मम हत्या गरे। सरकारले माओवादी गतिविधिमा संलग्न भएको आरोपमा केहिलाई नियन्त्रणमा लिएर र केहिलाई मुठभेडमा नाममा हत्या गर् यो भने विद्राही पक्षले सुराकी गरेको आरोपमा केहि पत्रकारको हत्या गर् यो। हत्या भएका पत्रकारहरमध्ये काचन पि्रयदर्शीको २०५९ भदौ १६मा यम विक पटेलको २०५९ वैशाख २२मा कृष्ण सेनलाई २०५९ जेठ ११ र १३ गतेबिच डी।sाैडिनयलाई २०५९ साउन ७ मा कमल एसीलाई २०५९ असोज १५मा कुमार घिमिरेलाई २०५९असोज १६मा सुरक्षा फौजले गोली हानी निर्मम हत्या गरेको थियो। साथै अम्बिका ति_िम्सना र नवराज शर्मालाई विद्रोही पक्षले सुराकी गरेको भनी अपहरण गरी हत्या गरेका थिए। यी सवै घटना शेरबहादुर देउबाकै कार्यकालमा भएका वा घटेका थिए।
यस तथ्यांक अनुसार सरकारी पक्षद्धारा धेरै संख्यामा पत्रकारहरुको हत्या भएको देखिएको छ। साथै पत्रकारहरुलाई बेपत्ता पार्ने काममा पनि सरकारी पक्ष अग्रसर देखिएको छ। यस अन्तर्गत पत्रकार मुमाराम खनाल अर्जुन थपलिया मिनु बुढाथोकी लाई सरकारी पक्षले बेपत्ता पारेको थियो भने माओवादी समर्थक मानिने द मेसेन्जर साप्ताहीकका सम्पादक तथा प्रकाशक प्रेम सागरलाई अज्ञात समूहले बेपत्ता पारेको थियो। साथै पत्रकारहरुलाई थुनी चरम् शारीरिक एवं मानसिक यातना दिइएको थियो।

साचारमा माओवादी आक्रमणः
कथित जनयुद्धमा उत्रिएको नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी माओवादीका गतिविधि र त्यसको नियन्त्रणका नाममा देशमा वर्ष २०५९ भरी नै रक्तपात र आतंक मच्चियो। संाचार जगत् पनि त्यसबाट अछुतो रहेन। त्यस क्रममा माओवादीले व्ििवध संाचार संस्थानका संाचार उपकरण र भौतिक सम्पत्तिमाथि आक्रमण गरी ठूलो क्षति पुर् याए। यसले आमसाचार र सर्वसाधारणको सूचना तथा अभिब्यक्तिमा प्रत्यक्ष प्रभाव पर् यो।
यसका अतिरिक्त माओवादी पनि पत्रकारहरुलाई अपहरण र बेपत्ता पार्ने काममा पछि परेनन्। सो अवधिमा मुलुक भरका धेरै पत्रकारहरुलाई माओवादी पक्षले समय-समयमा हातपात र दुव्र्यवहार पनि गरेको थियो।
साथै मिडिया माथि प्रतिबन्ध जफत र छापा जस्ता घटना त्यस वर्षमा बढी घटे। शृखला अफसेट प्रेसमा छापा पारु अफसेटमा छापा साचारकर्मीलाई वायुसेवा निगममा प्रवेश रोक विशेष अदालतमा प्रवेश रोक श्री ५को सवारीमा मिडियालाई रोक प्रधानमन्त्री शेरबहादुर देउबाले प्रतिनिधिसभा विघटन गरी आमीनर्वाचनको मिति तोकेपछि चुनावबारे समाचार संकलन गर्न गएका पत्रकारलाई रोक जस्ता घटनालाई त्यसका उदाहरण मान्न सकिन्छ।
मिडियामा कानुनी कारवाहीः
१।एफएम रेडियोबाट प्रसारण दस्तुर लिनेः
सर्वोच्च अदालतले स।sारले एफएम रेडियोहरुबाट लिइरहेको नवीकरण दस्तुर असुल्न पाउने फैसला गरेको थियो र उक्त रोयल्टी गैरकानुनी नभएको ठहर पनि सुनाएको थियो।
२।sान्तिपुर टेलिभिजन विरुद्ध मुद्धाः
टेरेस्टेरियल टेलिभिजन अनुमति िदंदा २ करोड ५० लाख रुपैंया अनियमितता भएको भन्दै कान्तिपुर टेलिभिजनविरुद्ध अख्तियार दुरुपयोग अनुसन्धान आयोगले विशेष अदालतमा मुद्धा दायर गरेको थियो।

साथै कृष्णसागर साप्ताहिक पुर्नजागरण आदि विरुद्ध मुद्धा सम्पादकलाई दण्डित नेपाल समाचारविरुद्ध मुद्धा आदि जस्ता घटना पनि शेरबहादुर देउवाकेै कार्यकालमा घटेका थए।

2009-05-05T22:34:00.000-07:00

CHANGU NARAYAN TEMPLE:

Changu Narayan Temple, the oldest temple in Kathmandu valley built in the Pagoda style. It was built in 4th century diring Lichhivi Dynasty. All of the stone carvings in the temple courtyard were done betweenthe 5th and 13th century, which makes the temple one of the single greatest concentrations of ancientart in Nepal. The temple is adorned by some of the best specimen of stone, wood, and metal craft in the valley. The temple stands as the epitome of culture, religion, history and faith of the Kathmandu valley. It is 22 km from capital city of Nepal, Kathmandu. This temple is devoted to Lord Shiva. Image of Lord Vishnu with ten heads and ten arms is the major attraction in this temple which was built on 5th century.

Important places to be seen in the temple

The Idol Of Lord Garuda

Inside the Changunarayan temple we can find the figure of Garuda. Every year on Nag Panchami the statue is worshipped and offered sweets. This is done in remembrance of the epic struggle with the great snake Taksaka.

Statues of King Bhupatindra Malla

Statues of King Bhupatindra Malla of Kathmandu and his mother can also be seen in a shrine. Bloody fighting characterised their politics during the 17th century but both were generous when it came to revering the gods.

Vishnu Sculpture

To the north of the temple is a sculpture of Lord Vishnu seated on Garuda. This image appears on the Nepalese 10 rupee note. Vishnu sculpture dates back to 9th century.